What Grows There :: Hugh Conlon, Horticulturalist, Garden Advisor, and Photographer

Steps In Planting A Hedge

Posted by Hugh on March 21st, 2021

Ilex x ‘Oakland’ at NC Arboretum, Asheville, NC

Why Plant A Hedge:

Living privacy fence offers privacy from street traffic and neighbors
Serves as a sound barrier to reduce noise
A windbreak to reduce harsh winds
Snow fence to reduce snow accumulation
Wildlife protection and food for birds from berries and seed.

Planning: Select vigorous disease and pest free trees and shrubs that suit your region. Wise plant choices create a healthy hedge that’s easy to maintain. Select slow to moderate growing shrubs and trees as fast growing plants require more pruning (hedging).

Your choice of shrubs or seedling trees also should be guided by the style of hedge you want. Formal hedges with solid architectural form will neatly frame landscapes spaces – creating rooms. Deciduous flowering shrubs, such as lilac, spiraea, forsythia, and evergreens, such as boxwood, arborvitae, holly, are effective hedges although much of their flower power is lost. The height and depth of the hedge is determined by the vigor of the varieties of shrubs chosen.

Planting a Hedge

1. Stake and mark the planting area, whether in a straight or a curved one. Use a measuring tape as a guide. Be aware of the location of underground utilities.

2. Space plants apart, permitting the plants to reach their mature heights. avoid overcrowding or developing an “instant hedge”. Stagger plants in two rows for a thicker hedge that will fill in more quickly serve as a sound barrier.

3. Dig the planting holes and remove the shrubs from pots and set them at the same dept. Space according to what shrubs you are setting and refill in the planting holes.

4. Water shrubs as needed during the first growing season.

5. Mulch – Spread a 2 to 3 inch layer of shredded bark mulch around plants to conserve water. Do not pile up mulch around the plan stems (trunks).

Deciduous: European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Linden (Tilia spp.), European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), Hedge Maple (Acer campestre), Arrowwood viburnum (Viburnum dentatum), Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), Firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea), Forsythia (Forsythia spp.), Various spireas (Spiraea spp.), Flowering quince (Chaenomeles x), red chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia ‘Brilliantissima’), Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii).

Evergreens: Emerald arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis ‘Smaragd’), Western arborvitae (Thuja plicata), Green Giant arborvitae (Thuja standishi x plicata), Canadian hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Schip or Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus ‘Schipkaensis’), Glossy abelia (Abelia × grandiflora), Japanese holly (Ilex crenata), Inkberry holly (Ilex glabra), Boxwood (Buxus spp.), Hicks yew (Taxus x media), Junipers (Juniperus chinensis), Native Cedars (Juniperus virginiana), Japanese Euonymus (Euonymus japonicus).

Three Really Cool Shade Plants

Posted by Hugh on March 16th, 2021

What three wildflowers can handle intense woodland shade. To most gardeners, hostas, Solomon seal, coral bells (Heuchera spp.), brunneras, and ferns are popular favorites. Expand your plant choices with these three shady favorites which are long-lived, low-care gems – Fairy wings (Epimedium spp), bellworts (Uvularia spp.), and shredded umbrella plant (Syneilesis).

Fairy wings (Epimedium spp.), aka barrenworts, thrive in shady spots. They’re a plant collector’s dream. Over 70 species, hybrids, and cultivars can be found in the garden marketplace. No two cultivars are alike in flowering, foliage size and color. The species alone may vary from 6 to 20 inches in height, 10 to 24 inches in spread, and flower power.

Fairy wings are a plant collector’s dream. Some species are evergreen and most are deciduous. Foliage colors may also vary seasonally. Some start out chartreuse, turn dark green in summer, and finish in autumn shades of red. Others may develop a red or silvery tint in the summer.

Their dainty flowers appear in early spring, but are rarely hurt by cold morning temps. Flowering intervals last 3, sometimes 4, weeks and attract early arriving pollinators. Deer rarely bother fairy wings.

Bellworts (Uvularia spp.), aka merrybells, contribute to spring’s awakening in U.S. woodlands and shade gardens. On two species, U. grandiflora and U. perfoliata, the flower stems poke through (perforate) the center of the leaves. Medium green leaves turn clear yellow in early fall. A third species called “wild oats” (U. sessilifolia) is native to Canada and eastern and central U.S. woodlands.

Bellworts bloom in April and May here in eastern Tennessee. They’re among the easiest of wildflowers to grow. Their nodding bell-shaped flowers appear delicate looking, but are hardy and enduring. Over the years individual clumps colonize among themselves from thick fleshy underground stolons.

Shredded umbrella plant (Syneilesis aconitifolia), native to eastern Asia, are abit more finicky to grow. In early spring exquisite dissected umbrella-like leaves emerge covered with hairy silver hairs. Plants stand 18 -24 inches tall atop sturdy stems. As the plant ages, pubescent hairs disappear and leaves turn deep forest green. Over the years, small plant colonies arise from underground rhizomes (2 feet wide in 5-7 years). Flowers are mostly inconspicuous.

All three plants prefer partial to full shade in humus-rich, moist, well-drained woodsy soil. They perform best in dappled morning sunlight. Fairy wings and bellworts tolerate dry calcareous (limestone) soils. Plants tolerate short dry spells lasting 2-3 weeks once they have established after the first year. Humus will supply much of the needed nutrients. Young emerging shoots may be damaged by slugs.

All three plants are rarely found at local garden centers. Shop at on-line nurseries which specialize in shade or woodland plants. Plant Delights Nursery in Raleigh, NC sells the newest cultivars of epimediums.

Love in A Mist (Nigella)

Posted by Hugh on March 11th, 2021

Nigella in the May Garden at Biltmore Estates, Asheville, NC

Love-in-a-mist (Nigella damascena) is a popular cool weather annual. It is also known by several other names including “ragged lady” or “devil in the bush”. Nigella belongs to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) and is native to southern Europe, North Africa and southwest Asia. In its natural habitat, nigella is found on neglected, damp patches of land.

Nigella is grown for its very different 1.5 inch wide blue flowers that sit atop stems lushly covered with fine lacy (“misty”) foliage. Plants typically grow to 1.5 to 2 feet tall (1.0 to 1.5 feet wide). In hot humid areas, plants bloom in late spring, but flower numbers significantly decline by midsummer as high temperatures become the norm. Flowers give way to unusual, egg-shaped, horned seed capsules (up to 1 inch diameter) that appear covered with bristles.

Nigella is easily grown in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils and in full sun. Sow seed in the garden as soon as the ground can be worked. In cool summer climates, additional sowings can be done every 3-4 weeks until mid-summer. Seeds are sown indoors about 6-8 weeks prior to last spring frost date, but plants dislike transplanting and results can be disappointing. Plants like consistent moisture and feed with 10-10-10 or equivalent fertilizer at a low to moderate rate .

To extend nigella’s blooming period, gardeners may reseed 2-3 times during the growing season. Deadheading spent flowers often extends the bloom period, but reduce development of the unique seed pods. The black seeds will self-seed freely in the garden.

I first saw nigella as part of a dried winter floral arrangement. Using their dried flower stems and seed capsules are popular among flower arrangers. Cultivars (some with double flowers) are available in white, pink, rose, violet and purple. Semi-double flowers come in shades ranging from pale sky blue to denim. ‘Miss Jekyll’ series include blue, ‘Alba’ (white), and ‘Dark Blue’. ‘Oxford Blues’ and ‘Moody Blues’ are two others.

No serious disease and pest problems trouble nigella.a

Six Early Spring Wildflowers To Grow In Your Woodland Garden

Posted by Hugh on March 6th, 2021

Celandine poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum) is a popular Eastern U.S. native loved for its 12-18 inch tall 4-petaled, yellow flowers. Its blue-green, pinnately lobed leaves are silvery on the underside. It seeds-in readily, which is a good thing, as plants disappear by late May and comeback early next spring in abundance (USDA hardiness zones 4-9).

Virginia bluebells (Mertensia virginica) is a native clump-forming perennial wildflower that grows 1-2 feet tall and produces lovely terminal clusters of 1 inch long, trumpet-shaped, sky blue flowers. The oval bluish green leaves foliage is also attractive (zones 3-8).

Trout lily (Erythronium americanum) is recognized for its thick, fleshy, mottled, brown and purple basal leaves that mimic brook trout. Solitary, bell- or lily-shaped yellow nodding flowers are perched above the foliage. Plants typically grow 4-6 inches high (zones 3-8).

Bloodroot (Sanguinea canadensis) produces showy 1.5 to 2 inch wide, 8-10 petaled white flowers that arises through palmate, deeply-scalloped, grayish-green, basal leaves. Each flower lasts only 1–2 days with lots more of new ones coming on. Flowers open up in mid-morning sun and close at night. Following spring flowering, leaves remain and widen to 9 inches across until mid to late summer when they go dormant. (zones 3-8)

Twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla) is a clump-forming plant that typically blooms on 8 inches high leafless (naked) stalks. The stalks develop leaves and grow to 18 inches in height by the time the fruit ripens. The long-stemmed, blue-green basal leaves (to 6 inches long) are divided into two lobes, mimicking two separate leaves, hence the common name. White cup-shaped flowers (1 inch diameter) bloom singly atop rigid leafless 8 inch tall stalks. Each flower contains eight petals (USDA hardiness zones 5-7).

The last of the six spring wildflowers to bloom is Shooting star (Dodecatheon meadia). From each basal rosette of lance-shaped leaves emerge 1-4 sturdy, leafless, center flower scapes, rising to 20 inches height. Atop each scape is a flower (umbel) containing 8-20, nodding, 1 inch long flowers. Each flower has five petals that are swept-back (reflexed) with a cluster of yellow stamens, giving the flower the appearance of a shooting star plummeting to earth. Flower colors range from white to pink to light purple (zones 4-8).

These spring wildflowers inhabit rich moist woodlands soils in partial to full shade. All are associated with limestone soils. Under ideal site conditions, they often colonize or naturalize by self-seeding. Bumble bees are often seen pollinating these spring ephemerals. Bees gather the nectar and pollen produced by these and other wildflowers when early-spring food sources are scarce.

Growing Crinum Lilies

Posted by Hugh on March 1st, 2021

Crinum Lilies, aka “River lilies”, “Cape Coast lilies”, and “Creole lilies”, are native to Southeast Asia. Crinum lilies are more akin to Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) than true lilies (Lilium). Considered to be an old staple in Southern gardens, crinum lilies are seen growing around old cemeteries, old farmsteads, and in ditches (zones 7-10).

Over time long-lasting crinum may bloom and rebloom all summer long. They grow tall (40-50 inches high) and the foliage makes bold statement in many residential gardens. Crinum Lilies prefer lots of sun and soil moisture during its period of active growth. Plant in humus-rich soil that has excellent drainage. Crinum bulbs resent constantly wet ground, particularly during the winter months.

Exhibiting moderate drought tolerance, keep them adequately watered during prolonged dry spells. When starting out, make sure to plant receives plenty of water along with good soil drainage. Once flowers have bloomed, reduce the frequency of watering.

Crinum Lilies excel in the summer garden. Good light and direct sunlight are crucial for this fragrant plant. Crinum Lily should receive at least 2-4 hours of direct sunlight. Some hybrids fare well in partial shade.

If planting in pots or tubs, lift them to protect over the winter months and return outdoors when safe. Store them dormant @ 35-40 °F. When planting them in large pots and tubs, add some coarse gritty sand for drainage. Mulch heavily to blanket the ground to protect bulb(s) from cold or harsh weather.

Feed crinum lily with plant fertilizer monthly when they are blooming using a high phosphorus fertilizer like 10-10-10 or equivalent. Do not feed the plant in the fall and winter months.

Crinum Lily forms a lovely cut flower. When a flower begins to fade, prune or snap it off, and a new bud nearby will open a few days later. Remove (prune off) dying bottom leaves and excess leaves to maintain a neat plant.

Enjoy crinum lilies for decades. Bulbs are best divided over the fall and winter months. Newly divided small-sized bulbs may require 1-2 years to reach flower size. During the summer, you’ll find that it’s more difficult with the foliage present.

Shopping for crinum lilies? Visit or mail order: Plant Delights Nursery in Raleigh, NC, Jenks Farmer in Columbia SC, and Brent and Becky’s Bulbs in Gloucester, VA for a good selection of crinum lily bulbs.

Growing Japanese Maples In Containers

Posted by Hugh on February 25th, 2021

Many slow-growing and compact cultivars of Japanese maples (Acer palmatum) and full moon forms (A. japonicum) grow for 3-5 years in containers. Japanese maples develop a decorative canopy, and their lacey foliage turns yellow, orange and/or red in autumn.

Most Japanese maples perform well in partial to full day sunlight, but not in full shade. Most grow happily under a tall open canopy of nearby large deciduous trees or around the eastern side of your home or patio. Many are very winter hardy in zone 4 and parts of 5 where they’re situated in sheltered locations such as an enclosed courtyard. Their low winter root temperature is rated + 5°F (-15°C).

When not properly sited, the tender spring foliage is vulnerable to frosty nights, drying winds, and strong sunlight. Leaves may scorch, shrivel, or burn on the edges if not adequately watered.

Japanese maples are not heavy feeders and should not be over-fertilized. Feed with a low nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and avoid products containing high amounts of ammonium nitrate and urea. In the spring add fresh mulch or compost to the surface. Mulch will also aid in retaining moisture.

Select small compact growing cultivars for container planters in range 5 – 6 feet tall and wide. Choose wide squat containers (terra-cotta, stone, or plastic) as opposed to narrow tall urns to avoid blow-over on windy days. Minimum pot size diameter should start at 12–18 inches (30–45 cm). Choose pots with light colored surfaces which reflect rather than adsorb the heat from sun.

Recommended cultivars that grow well in containers are: Crimson Queen, Fireglow, Garnet, Inaba Shidare, Kamagata, Mikawa Yatsubusa, Oshu Beni, Osakazuki, Sango Kaku, Red Dragon, Seiryu, Shaina, Shishigashira, and Tamukeyama.

Spring move outdoors (in cold regions): Late winter and spring is the tricky period time to judge outdoor temps. Container Japanese maples are moved outdoors as the buds begin to open. Be prepared to move the tree back into shelter during nights of hard frosts. The usual spring transitional period may last 2-3 weeks long.

Japanese maples often require minor spring/summer pruning for a neat appearance. Root pruning and repotting should take place in the early spring prior to the emergence of new leaves.

Finally, every 3 years, consider upsizing your Japanese maple to a larger container along with added potting soil.

Eastern Bluestar (Amsonia)

Posted by Hugh on February 21st, 2021

Eastern Bluestar (Amsonia tabernaemontana), aka blue dogbane, is a native herbaceous perennial that is becoming more popular with U.S. gardeners (USDA hardiness zones 3-9).

Eastern Bluestar (MT Cuba Trials in May 2019)

This erect, clump-forming plant produces terminal, pyramidal clusters of ¾ inch, soft light blue, star-like flowers in mid- to late-spring atop erect
2-3 feet tall leafy stems. Narrow, willow-shaped, dull green foliage may turn an attractive yellow in fall. The plant can be cut close to the ground or left for winter interest.

Eastern bluestar grows best in full sun. A plant in part shade will likely need to be staked due to its weak floppy form. Cut back stems after flowering to create a round, neater appearance. This species is less drought tolerant than A. hubrichtii.

Hummingbirds, large carpenter bees, hummingbird moths and butterflies visit the flowers in mid-spring. Generally, deer do not trouble Eastern bluestar. The latex sap is mildly irritating to humans. The plant appears to be unappealing to rabbits, deer, insects, slugs, and most other garden pests.

Cultivars of Eastern Bluestar:

‘Blue Ice’ looks very similar in appearance to the species except grows much more compact (1.5 feet tall and wide. Spring flowers are dark lavender-blue.

‘Short Stack’ is a dwarf cultivar that grows to only 10-12 inches tall and 18 inches wide with sky-blue flowers. Foliage may be susceptible to rust.

‘Storm Cloud’ start out with near-black stems and silver-veined dark green leaves in spring which lighten to olive green by early summer. Light pale blue flowers bloom from late spring to early summer, and may rebloom. It may be subject to rust.

‘Seaford Skies’ is a hybrid cross (A. hubrectii x A. tabernaemontana) discovered growing in Seaford, Virginia. Plants average 2-4 feet tall and 2-3 feet wide. Sky blue flowers develop atop 36 inch erect stems may attain 5 feet.

Willow leaf bluestar (var. salicifolia) also called bluestar, is native to the southeastern U.S., is often overlooked by gardeners. Plants average 3 feet in height and spread with dark green, narrow and willow-like leaves that turn clear yellow shade in autumn. Star-shaped flowers are pale lavender blue.

Twenty Highly Dependable Small Landscape Trees

Posted by Hugh on February 15th, 2021

In small landscapes, where growing space is limited, a number of outstanding trees may be planted. Several are also examples of great spring or summer flowering trees. U.S. native species are designated N. Additional landscape traits include:

Grow under 30 feet in height and underneath power lines).
Winter hardiness across the U.S. (USDA hardiness zones 5-7).
Most, particularly cultivars, are resistant to problem diseases and insects.
Suitable for either residential & commercial plantings.
Good heat and drought tolerances; all require good soil drainage.
Clean, blemish-free summer foliage, some displaying outstanding fall leaf color.
Dwarf forms suitable for container growing.
None are invasive.

Japanese maples (Acer palmatum) – many selections under 30 feet
Queen Elizabeth hedge maple (Acer campestre ‘Queen Elizabeth’)
Amur maple (Acer ginnala)
Paperbark maple (Acer griseum)
Serviceberry (Amelanchier x grandiflora)(several cultivars) N
American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) N
Redbuds (Cercis canadensis) (several cultivars) N
Chinese Fringe tree (Chionanthus retusus)
American Fringe tree(Chionanthus virginicus) N
Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) N
Chinese or Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa)
Winter King green hawthorn (Crataegus viridis ‘Winter King’) N
Carolina silverbell (Halesia diptera) N
Crape myrtles (Lagerstroemia x indica) –select from four size categories ranging from 5 to 30 feet
Southern magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora) – dwarf forms ‘Teddy Bear’, ‘Kay Parris’ N
Star magnolia (Magnolia stellata) – multi-branched habit
Crabappples (Malus spp.) cultivars – crabapple (select disease resistant cultivars) – ‘Adams’, ‘Centurion’, ‘Donald Wyman’, ‘Prairie Fire’, ‘Sugar Tyme’, Japanese flowering crab (M. floribunda), et.al.
Okame flowering cherry (Prunus ‘Okame’) cherry; also P. ‘Accolade’; ’First Lady’
Yoshino cherry (Prunus x yedoensis ‘Yoshino’)
‘Kwanzan’ flowering cherry (P. serrulata ‘Kwanzan’)
Japanese Tree Lilac (Syringa reticulata)

Most, but not all trees listed above are sold at full service garden centers. Fringetrees (Chionanthus spp.), Japanese tree lilac (Syringa reticulata), silverbell (Halesia), and hedge maple (Acer campestre), and specific cultivars may be purchased from on-line specialty nurseries.

Winter-blooming Wintersweet

Posted by Hugh on February 6th, 2021

Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) is a landscape shrub offers four seasons of landscape interest. Also called Japanese allspice, this deciduous mid-sized shrub typically grows 10-15 feet tall and 8-12 feet wide and blooms during winter (USDA zones 7-9). You can also risk planting wintersweet in a protected courtyard garden in Zones 6 to minimize freeze injury to flowers.

Wintersweet, native to China, deserves to be planted more in the U.S. Fragrant yellow flowers (1 to 1.5 inches across) are a prelude to spring forsythia. Bloom period is mostly determined by the precise weather conditions at the time. For example, in mountainous areas of Tennessee, NC, and VA, normal bloom time is mid- February. Bare branches may pop into bloom during an unseasonal 4-5 day warm spell in late December or January.

Each flower has numerous showy tepals which range from sulfur yellow to pale yellow along with a purplish-brown center. The spicy scented blooms catch your breath. Flowers on the cultivar ‘Lutea’ display a deeper yellow color.

Rough, glossy green, opposite, elliptic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate leaves (up to 6 inches long) emerge in spring. Leaves turn yellow in fall. Branches produce spicy yellow flowers with purple-brown centers on branches clad with a few persisting leaves.

Seed pods are 2 inches in length and gradually ripen to pink. In fall, the foliage turns bright yellow. Some flowers may open prematurely and get nipped by winter’s onset. No serious disease and insect problems trouble winter sweet shrubs.

Prune wintersweet in early spring before leaves unfold. Most of the cuts are renewal types, e.g., to remove older wood to reduce height and spread. Snip off dead or broken branches at any time. Add 1-2 handfuls of a granular fertilizer such as 10-10-10 or equivalent.

Seven Shrubs That Bloom In February

Posted by Hugh on February 1st, 2021

If you have ever dreamt of creating a year-round landscape garden, here are seven fine shrubs to start with. These shrubs bloom in late winter and are also important to early insect pollinators — native ground bees, bumble bees, and butterflies. In USDA hardiness zones 7-9, winter temperatures begin to moderate and some shrubs burst into floral life.

Chinese paper bush (Edgeworthia chrysantha) – a deciduous suckering shrub that typically grows to 4-6 feet tall and wide. In February
Tiny, apetalous, tubular, yellow flowers are densely packed flower clusters open in February. Short-petioled, lanceolate-oblong, dark green 3-5 inch long leaves are attractive (zones 6b-10).

Carolina Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) – sweetly scented, golden yellow flowers cover the cascading, fine textured foliage from February to April. Moderately deer resistant (zones 6-9).

Chinese Witchhazel (Hamamelis x intermedia) represent crossing two Asian witchhazels (H. japonica x H. mollis). Plant grows 6-12 feet tall and wide and suckers freely at the base. Recommended cultivars are ‘Diane’, ‘Jelena’, ‘Orange Beauty’, ‘Primavera’ and ‘Westerstede’. Moderately deer resistant (zones 5-9)

Winter honeysuckle (Lonicera fragrantissima) – small fragrant white flowers appear in midwinter on this 10-12 foot tall vigorous shrub. Note: rated “invasive Florida and Texas where winter temperatures are mild; not so much in zone 7 and colder areas further north (zone 4-10).

Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) – highly fragrant yellow/slight red blotched flowers appear in late January; prefers rich, acidic, moist, well-drained soils in part to full shade; 12 feet by 10 feet deciduous moderately drought tolerant shrub (Zones 6 to 9).

Sweetbox (Sarcococca hookeriana ‘Humilis’) – a suckering 4-6-foot evergreen shrub with numerous small fragrant white flowers set against glossy boxwood-like foliage; spreads very slowly by stolons in shady landscapes (Zones 6 to 9).

Winter daphne (Daphne odora) – an evergreen, densely branched,
3-4 feet tall shrub with rose-purple or white, fragrant flowers in mid- to late winter. Fragrant 2-inch long tubular flowers are a half-inch across and are usually white; pink or lavender varieties also available; long blooming in late winter and early spring (Zones 7-9).