What Grows There :: Hugh Conlon, Horticulturalist, Garden Advisor, and Photographer

Why My Hydrangeas Are Not Blooming

Posted by Hugh on July 23rd, 2019

Thankfully, this is not a very common problem that few gardeners run into. U.S. gardeners grow four (4) species of hydrangeas: smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), oakleaf hydrangea (H. quercifolia), bigleaf hydrangea (H. macrophylla), and panicle hydrangea (H. paniculata).

There are five reasons why some hydrangeas don’t bloom:

1. Type of hydrangea… Bigleaf hydrangeas, those that produce blue or pink flowers, are the most troublesome. Lots of cultivars are available, some that are very winter hardy and others not so much. If winter temps in your region are extremely low, plants may die back to the snow line or to the ground. Bigleaf hydrangeas bloom on both old (last year’s) and new (current season) wood. Loss of the old wood results in your hydrangea blooming only in late summer on current season’s wood. No flowers may mean that the variety that is not reliably hardy in your zone.

2. Not enough sunlight… The site should receive 3-6 hours of direct sun daily. Panicle hydrangeas require the most sunlight and oakleaf hydrangeas and smooth hydrangeas as little as 2 and 3 hours daily respectively. As a rule, more sunlight means more flowers.

3. Pruning at the wrong time… Generally, hydrangeas don’t need pruning other than to control plant size and to remove dead wood. Pruning time is most important. H. macrophylla and H. quercifolia plants are pruned in early summer or in late winter; H. arborescens and H. paniculata are pruned in late winter to early spring before new growth begins. Don’t cut plants back too far. If your hydrangea won’t bloom, skip pruning any time. You may be overpruning.

4. Too much fertilizer… Overfeeding your hydrangeas particularly with too much nitrogen (N) or not enough phosphorus (P) in the soil. High nitrogen levels produce lush green growth, but little to no blooms. Phosphorus is responsible for the flowering and fruiting in most plants.

5. Deer… If you live in an area with deer, their feeding may prevent your hydrangeas from blooming. One solution is to construct a 6 foot (or higher) fence around your garden.

Five Shrubs Make Wonderful Small Trees

Posted by Hugh on July 18th, 2019

Multi-trunk rose of Sharon tree

With some aggressively growing shrubs, it frequently comes down to you (and your pruners) versus the plant.

Technique: a sharp pair of hand pruners along with 3-4 times annually to train a large unruly shrub into a behaved small tree.

Here is a list of 5 great shrub candidate that may become a great small tree:

Harlequin glorybower (Clerodendrum trichotomum) frequently grows as an unwieldy shrub that is 10 – 15 feet in height and spread and lacks symmetry. Through judicious pruning, you can create a beautiful 10-12 foot specimen tree that blooms in September. (USDA hardiness zones 6b-10).

Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Diabolo’ is a vigorous ninebark cultivar with deep burgundy maple-like foliage and an upright, spreading habit. ‘Diablo’ninebark also boasts pink-tinged, 2- inch wide white flower clusters in late May or June. (USDA hardiness zone (3-7).

Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus) is an old-fashioned summer flowering shrub which is easily converts into a small single or multi-trunk lawn tree. Flower colors range from snow white, pink, red and purples. (zones 5-8).

PG hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata ‘Grandiflora’) is an old-fashioned shrub that bears lacy creamy white flowers starting in late July. Its dark green foliage is highly disease and insect resistant. (zones 3-9).

Shoal’s Creek chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus ‘Shoal Creek’) is a southern favorite that blooms reliably from late June into August. Many cultivars are available; mid-size 12 foot ‘Shoal Creek’ has proven landscape reliability. (Zones 6-9).

Some basic tips: All 5 plants perform well in average well-drained acidic soils and in full to partial sun. All bloom best in full sun. Major pruning should be done in late winter after the severity of the winter weather has been evaluated. Secondary cuts, including root suckers, can be performed in any season to develop and maintain its tree form. Trees may also be maintained in large containers.

Crusader™ Cockspur Hawthorn

Posted by Hugh on July 13th, 2019

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Crusader cockspur hawthorn (photo source unknown)

Cockspur thorn (Crataegus crus-galli) is sometimes seen as a dense, low-branched, broad-rounded tree to 25-35 feet with horizontal branching armed with numerous large 1.5 to 3 inch long thorns. Lower branches often sweep near to the ground. It is also often seen as a tall, flat-topped shrub. This native hawthorn grows naturally from Quebec to North Carolina and Kansas (USDA hardiness zones 3-7).

Obovate to oblong-obovate dark green 2- 3” long leaves turn to a striking red/orange in the fall. The 3 inch wide white corymb flowers bloom in May over period of 7-10 days. Flowers emit an unpleasant peppery odor. Flowers are followed by rounded fruits (3/8” diameter) that ripen to deep red in fall (September-October) and typically persist to late fall. The tiny fruits (called “haws”) are edible, but the amount of pulp is not much and is best left for the birds.

‘Cruzam’ is commonly sold under the name of Crusader™ as a thornless plant with a slightly more compact shape. What distinguishes the thornless Crusader form is the absence of thorns from the species. In my opinion the species should never be planted in any public grounds and residential safety considerations. Crusader is a welcome alternative. Thornless tree makes plant general maintenance such as pruning alot. Crusader is rated a superior landscape tree.

Cockspur hawthorn performs best if grown in full sunlight and any average well-drained soil. It is very adaptable to both dry and moist growing conditions. It is highly tolerant of urban pollution and will even thrive in inner city environments. The tree needs occasional maintenance and is best pruned in late winter once the threat of extreme cold has passed. It has no significant negative characteristics

Pests and diseases are a problem with most hawthorns. Plants are susceptible to cedar-hawthorn rust and fireblight. Other potential diseases include fungal leaf spots, powdery mildew, cankers, apple scab, leaf blight and twig blight. Potential insect pests include aphids, borers, caterpillars, lacebugs, leafminers and scale.

Small flowering landscape tree for lawns or open woodland areas. Notwithstanding disease susceptibility, a well-maintained tree can be ornamentally attractive. On species plants, thorns are a drawback for pedestrian areas or areas with small children. Plants may be effective when grown as barrier plants on property borders or in hedgerows.

Perennial Favorites For The Summer Garden

Posted by Hugh on July 8th, 2019

If someone was to create the Garden Performance Hall of Fame for summer flowering perennials, I would nominate this list of ten (10). I have had experience growing many of them in my Northeast Tennessee garden (USDA hardiness zone 6-b). In a few instances, I have selected a variety that grows in friends’ or a nearby arboretum or botanical garden.

‘Zagreb’ Coreopsis (C. verticillata)– awesome lemon yellow small daisy like flowers on this mounding long blooming perennial. Other favorites are Uptick® series; ‘Route 66’. If you want something different, try tall growing (4-6 feet high) C. triptera ‘Gold Standard’ which blooms from August into October.

Shasta Daisy (Leucanthemum x superbum)– lots of pure white daisy flowers on 2-4 feet sturdy stems. Favorite cultivars: ‘Snowcap’; ‘Becky’; ‘Whoops-A-Daisy’.

Russian Sage (Perovskia atriplicifolia) – Unique silvery contrasting foliage with long lasting summer to fall dusty blue flowers. ‘Denim N Blue’; ‘Little Spire’.

‘May Night’ (Mainacht) Salvia (S. nemorosa)– deep blue flower spikes in spring; prune (deadhead) the entire plant down to a 4-6 inch mounded shape and feed with a nitrogen-based fertilizer to promote new growth and re-bloom within 4-5 weeks. Other favorites: ‘East Friesland’; ‘Caradonna’.

Garden Phlox (Phlox paniculata)– some great disease resistant varieties are available such as ‘David’, ‘Jeana’, ‘Glamour Girl’.

Purple Coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea) – summer full of colorful blooms will fill your garden. Favorites include: PowWow® Wild Berry series, Sombrero® series, Cheyenne Spirit’, ‘White Swan’.

Black eyed Susan (Rudbeckia fulgida) – ‘American Gold Rush’, ‘Goldstrum’, ‘Little Goldstar’

Daylilies (Hemerocallis spp.)– so many great varieties – ‘Happy Returns’, Fooled Me’, ‘Hyperion’, ‘Strawberry Candy’, ‘Red Volunteer’ are all- time personal favorites.

Sedums (Sedum spp.) – late summer to fall blooming varieties such as ‘Autumn Joy’; ‘Autumn Fire’; ‘Matrona’; and lots more.

Coral Bells (Heuchera x) – wonderful accent plant for foliage color; favorites include ‘Caramel’, ‘Citronelle’, ‘Sweet Tea’, and many more.

Six Flowering Perennials For Downtown Areas

Posted by Hugh on July 3rd, 2019

Rudbeckias in Downtown Pittsburgh, PA

‘Becky’ Shasta Daisy

Here is what some downtown areas in the Southeast and Midwest U.S. were planting this spring:

Rudbeckia lacinata ‘Herbstonne’ aka ‘Autumn Sun’ is a long-blooming butterfly favorite with clusters of bright yellow ray flowers with large green cones from mid to late summer. Leaves are large, glossy, deep green, deeply cut along the stems.

Black Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia fulgida var. fulgida) is a native species form that grows 2-3 feet tall and is long flowering. Blooms are slightly more resistant to Septoria Leafspot disease. Removing the old flowers regularly promotes some re-blooming up to frost (zones 4-9). Available in 2019 is Glitters Like Gold PPAF rudbeckia which exhibits better Septoria resistance.

‘Becky’ Shasta Daisy (Leucanthemum superbum) is a heat tolerant selection that is a flowering machine. The glossy dark green stems rise to 36 inches high and are topped with large white daisies in early summer. ‘Becky’ grows vigorously and handles summer heat better than most shastas. Flowers stand upright on sturdy stems; blooms up to 8 weeks if spent flowers are quickly deadheaded.

May Night Salvia (Salvia x sylvestris ‘May Night’ (Mainacht’)) blooms prolifically with dark purple-blue flowers (zones 4-8). This vigorous perennial exhibits excellent cold and heat tolerance. Blooming in late spring with a profusion of flower spikes, it re-blooms through the summer when deadheaded.

Hairy alumroot (Heuchera villosa) is the toughest coral bells that I know of. Some seed strains like ‘Autumn Bride’ and ‘Brownies’ are available for large urban plantings. Tiny flowers appear in late summer and contribute to the overall landscape appearance.

‘Northwind’ switchgrass (Panicum virgatum ‘Northwind’) is a 4-5 foot tall and 2-3 feet wide upright ornamental grass (zones 2-9). Dark green foliage is supported on a rigid vertical framework. In September this vigorous ornamental grass is topped by attractive infloresences in September.

Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’ and ‘Matrona’ are two topnotch varieties of border sedums (Sedum telephium) that grow 18 to 24 inches tall and wide (zones 4-9). Flower heads form in mid-summer and gradually open into 3-4 inch wide dusty-pink flower heads from August onward, eventually turning bronzy-red in October. Performs in average soil and is highly drought tolerant.

Heuchera villosa ‘Brownies’

Panicum ‘Northwind’ in mid-summer

Three High Performance Coneflower Series

Posted by Hugh on June 28th, 2019

‘PowWow Wild Berry’

Coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea) are very popular perennials (USDA hardiness zones 4-9). Their colorful flowers will attract a multitude of beneficial pollinators to your garden. Some cultivar series come in a myriad of colors.

For the best and biggest flowers, coneflowers perform at their best in full sun and in well-drained soils. After planting echinaceas grow off quickly, are moderately drought tolerant, and stand up to heavy summer rain, high humidity, and moderate winds.

Three of the top performing series are:

Cheyenne Spirit® (2013 AAS Trial Winner) requires minimal care ― no deadheading, staking or excessive watering. Cheyenne Spirit comes in myriad of colors – white, yellow, orange, red and purple, sometimes all on one plant! Plants are somewhat bushy and upright, measuring 30-36 inches tall.

PowWow® Wild Berry™ was selected an All-America Selection (AAS) Award in 2010. Plants form a mid-sized mound of coarse dark-green leaves and large daisy flowers with magenta-pink petals surrounding an orange-brown central cone. ‘Pow Wow White’ is equally beautiful. Plants are well-branched and bloom all season. It requires no deadheading and flowers are nonstop. Its compact size, 18-24 inches high and 12-16 inches wide, is an added plus.

Sombrero® series also grows compact, is free branching, early blooming, and come in a wide range of colors including purple, red, coral, pink, orange, yellow and white. Blooms measure 2.5 to 3 inches across. Sombrero Salsa Red and Sombrero Adobe Orange is the earliest to start flowering (around mid-June). Hot Coral grows 24 inches tall. Salsa Red is the shortest, only 16 inches tall. ‘Sangrita Red’ (above) grows 16-18 inches tall with scarlet-red petals. Adobe Orange is taller at about 20 inches with larger flowers. Their compact size makes them idea for containers on decks and patios.

Fill your flower vases this summer with long lasting coneflowers. Native to North America, coneflowers are great pollinator plants in gardens when planted in a perennial bed or as part of a landscape border or and in large containers and window boxes. Their floral seed heads feed birds all fall and winter. Coneflowers are also deer resistant.

June Blooming Japanese Tree Lilac

Posted by Hugh on June 23rd, 2019

Chinese tree lilac (Syringa reticulata) is an under-planted small multi-trunked tree or large flowering shrub (USDA hardiness zones 3-7). In tree form, it grows 20- 30 feet tall and 15- 20 feet wide with a rounded crown. Mature 70 year old plus specimens at Biltmore Estates in Asheville, NC are 50 feet or taller.

Its singular greatest asset is the showy clusters of fragrant, creamy white flowers. Upright bloom panicles, 9-12 inch long, appear in late spring to early summer (later than most other lilac species). In cooler northern locales flowering may last over 2 weeks. The pointed-tip lanceolate to ovate, dark green 5-6 inch long leaves emerge before June flowering. Fall color is non-existent.

A member of the Oleraceae family, which includes the troubled ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) and privets (Ligustrum spp.), their flowers are mildly fragrant. You will either like or not the privet-like scent. Flowers give way to loose clusters of brown capsules that persist into winter. Reddish-brown peeling bark is attractive on young branches, gradually turning gray with age. Following a rain event, their dark cherry-red colored bark is more intense when wet.

Tree lilac grows in average, medium moisture, well-drained soil in full sun. The tree blooms heaviest in full sun and should never be crowded in among taller plants. It handles inner city environmental conditions well. Prune the tree (if needed) within one month after flowering. Tree growth thrives where summers are cool and rainfall is plentiful. Tree lilac struggles if planted south of USDA Zone 7.

No serious insect/ diseases trouble tree lilac. It is deer tolerant in most locales. Compared to other Syringa species, tree lilac exhibits better resistance to these major pests of lilacs – powdery mildew, scale and borers. Flower buds are susceptible to late spring frost injury. Blooms attract butterflies and other pollinators plus an occasional hummingbird or two.

Leading Cultivar: ‘Ivory Silk’ forms a sturdy compact small 20-25 foot tree or large shrub with a rounded crown. It tends to bloom at an early age.

Landscape Use: as a single specimen, a street or lawn tree, or in multiples as a property screen.

Attractive Butterfly Weed

Posted by Hugh on June 18th, 2019

Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), aka milkweed, is a long-lived summer blooming perennial. In the wild milkweed may be found growing in dry/rocky open woodlands, prairies, farm fields, and along roadsides in the southeastern U.S and mid-western U.S. and Canada (USDA hardiness zones 3 -9).

Established plants typically grow as a clump to 2- 3 feet high and 1 -2 feet wide. Butterfly weed serves as an important host and nectar plant for many kinds of butterflies, including monarch butterflies and other beneficial pollinators. Their thick green leaves serve as a food source for the butterfly pupa (chrysalis).

Unlike many of the other milkweeds, the sap is not milky. For almost six weeks, from late spring into summer, clusters of vibrant orange to yellow-orange flowers (umbels) cover the plant canopy. The narrow, lance-shaped leaves are attached to hairy stems.

Butterfly weed self-sows freely in the landscape, but the plant is not considered invasive. Prominent 3 – 6 inch long spindle-shaped seed pods break open when ripe and release multitudes of silky-tailed seeds which are dispersed a long way by wind. Seed pods may be utilized in dried flower arrangements.

Butterfly weed is a perfect choice in sunny meadow or prairie gardens. It grows in average, dry to medium, well-drained soils. It is highly drought tolerant and manages in poor, dry soils. Established plants emerge rapidly in mid-spring and grow rapidly.

Butterfly weed is easily started from seed, but may take a year or two before first flowering. Digging up wild plants usually winds up failing because of their deep taproot system. Young seedlings are best left undisturbed for two years to become established.

Few disease and insect problems trouble butterfly weed when grown on the right site. Wet poorly-drained soil will invite root rot disease and plant death. Rust and leaf spot diseases are signs of an overcrowded planting. Plants are also deer proof.

Their bright orange flower clusters are among our showiest native wildflowers and look nice in floral arrangements. ‘Hello Yellow’ is a yellow flowering cultivar. Make a nice cut flower for your home.

Summersweet Shrub – Underplanted And Underappreciated

Posted by Hugh on June 11th, 2019

‘Pink Spire’ clethra

‘Hummingbird’ clethra

Summersweet clethra (Clethra alnifolia), aka sweet pepperbush, is a deciduous summer blooming shrub that ranges from coastal Maine to Florida (USDA hardiness zones 4-8). This delightful shrub grows 3-6 feet, although some cultivars grow 8 feet or higher. Flower colors (depending on variety) range from white, pink, and rose pink.

The sweetly fragrant flower clusters ( 4- 6 inches long racemes) are visited by multitudinous bees, a few butterflies, as well as by gardeners. When in bloom, the area is “a buzz” with bee activity lasting approximately 4 weeks in July and August.

Flowers give way to dark brown seed capsules that often persist through winter. The glossy dark green leaves (to 4 inches long) develop foliage shades of yellow to golden brown, which may linger for several weeks in autumn.

Summersweet is easy to grow in either full to partial sunlight and in average soil that is well- drained and mildly pH acidic. This native shrub thrives in wet sites and is both heat and cold tolerant. It tolerates dry soils after a two year period of establishment, but grows best and produces the greatest number of flowers when watered regularly. Avoid the hot afternoon sun in southern climes. Once a year feeding in late winter with a slow-release fertilizer such as Osmocote™ or Nutrikote™ is sufficient.

Summersweet is mostly disease- and pest-free. Pruning, if needed, should be done in late winter before spring growth begins. Little pruning is generally needed, unless it has outgrown its space. Every 5-6 years consider cutting shrub(s) to the ground in late fall. This tough reliable plant will bloom the following summer. Summersweet spreads by rhizomes and suckers; remove unwanted plants at any time.

Selected cultivars to try:

‘Hummingbird’ is a 3- 3 ½ foot tall compact form with deep green summer foliage

‘Rosea’ is a popular pink flowering form with pink flowers that fade to white.

‘Ruby Spice’ bears deep rose pink 3 ½ – 4 inch flowers; it grows into a 6 – 8 foot tall shrub.

‘Sixteen Candles’ bears larger 4 – 6 inch long flowers that stand upright and do not flop like most cultivars.

Grow Crocosmias In Your Summer Garden

Posted by Hugh on June 6th, 2019

Crocosmias are bulbous summer blooming flowering perennials that are closely related to gladiolas, also called montbretia and sword lilies. They’re actually corms, not bulbs, and are indigenous to South Africa (USDA hardiness zones 5b to 9).

Crocosmias enjoy lots of sun, soil moisture, and hot temps to produce flowers. Plants prefer nutrient-rich, slightly acidic, moist, well-drained soils. They begin blooming in mid-June and continue over most of the summer into fall. The brightly colored flowers emit a saffron fragrance. In northern gardens (zones 5b – 6), mulch in late fall for winter protection of smaller corms.

The gladiolus-like dark green foliage may be rippled or pleated. Usually disease and pest free, leaves may become sapped of their green color by mites and thrips in a dry summers; wash off foliage or resort to pesticide spraying.

Many cultivars are available; some grow vigorously and others at a slower rate. Color choices range from vivid reds, oranges, yellows and bi-colors. Flowers are followed by black berries. The fiery red cultivar ‘Lucifer’ is the most popular cultivar with scarlet red beauty. Set many many corms 3-4 inches deep and 8-10 inches apart to fill the space with showy clusters of flowers.

Over time a bed of crocomias may become overcrowded. Corms should be dug and divided in the fall. Cut the foliage down to the ground in fall or wait until late winter.

Crocosmia blooms are produced on 2-4 feet tall wiry arching stems, depending on variety. Plant shorter compact varieties in either flower beds or in containers. Crocosmias make excellent cut flowers, much in demand by florists.

In addition to ‘Lucifer’, I have listed five other varieties:

‘Prince of Orange’ – 2 ½ to 3 foot tall, red-orange blooms / burgundy speckled, gold centers

‘Mistral’- 2 to 2 ½ foot tall, orangey-red flowers

‘Star of the East’ – 3 foot tall, huge starry wide-open orange flowers

‘Tobias’ – 3 to 4 feet tall, 2-3 inch wide orangey-red blooms

‘Walberton Yellow‘ – compact 2 to 2 ½ feet tall; tightly-packed bright yellow flowers.

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